Working Worldwide

Our work spans several countries including the United States, India, Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Uganda, and elsewhere.

At the RIPPLE lab, we are a group of scholars with diverse research interests dedicated to conducting actionable research that improves the lives of children and their communities.

Dr Sharon Wolf portrait photo

Dr. Sharon Wolf, Lab Director

Dr. Sharon Wolf is an Associate Professor at the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education in the Human Development and Quantitative Methods Division. She works at the intersection of child development, education, and social policy. Dr. Wolf studies how children's early educational experiences affect their learning and development, and how policies and programs can improve these experiences, particularly for underserved children. She focuses on two primary areas related to child development: family poverty, and educational experiences and school-based interventions. Both areas incorporate applied research by using social interventions to promote children's well-being.

Dr. Wolf is also affiliated with Innovations for Poverty Action, the Penn Development Research Initiative, the Populations Studies Center, and has a secondary appointment in the Department of Psychology.

Lab Members

Priyanka Chandrasekar

Priyanka is a second-year master's student in the Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Development (ISHD) program at the University of Pennsylvania. Her research interests focus on developing brief, cost-effective, and scalable interventions to support children’s socioemotional development. She has experience in both quantitative and qualitative research, as well as designing and implementing targeted emotion-regulation interventions. Prior to Penn, she earned her B.A. in Psychology from Bryn Mawr College, where she was involved in a study examining the effectiveness of enacting rituals in improving children's self-control. She also designed an emotion regulation intervention, centered on linguistic self-distancing, as a means to improve students' academic performance and decrease anxiety.

Heather Do

Hang (Heather) Do is a Ph.D. student in the Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Development (ISHD) program at Penn GSE, researching the long-term effects of childhood adversities on human development and exploring protective processes that foster resilience in children and adolescents across global contexts. She aims to use research findings to create contextually relevant intervention programs, inform policies, and develop reliable resources that support children and their families. Prior to her doctoral studies, she worked on disseminating a population-level measure of early childhood development for children from birth to age three; evaluating an intervention program promoting high-quality early childhood education in rural Asia; and studying the consequences of childhood maltreatment based on a 50-year follow-up cohort in the U.S. Heather holds a B.A. in Psychology from Oberlin College and an M.Ed. in Human Development & Education from the Harvard Graduate School of Education.

Brenda Fu

Brenda earned her B.A. from Zhejiang University and is currently pursuing a Ph.D. in Interdisciplinary Studies of Human Development at UPenn. Her primary research interest is in understanding the impact of parenting practices on children’s development, particularly across diverse cultural contexts.

Fatima Gutierrez

Fatima Gutierrez is a master's student in the Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Development program at the Penn GSE. She holds a Bachelor of Science in Psychology and a Bachelor of Arts in International Studies, with a concentration in Latin American and Caribbean Studies, from the University of Florida. She also minored in Portuguese and Anthropology. Her research interests lie at the intersection of these disciplines, particularly in understanding how cultural contexts shape the development of agency, purpose, and perceptions of future possibilities. Currently, she is developing a pilot study in Brazil exploring how adolescents from different socioeconomic backgrounds understand and navigate opportunity, agency, and moral decision making through the cultural concept of jeitinho brasileiro.

Aachal Jagati

Aachal is a first-year master's student in the Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Development at Penn GSE. Prior to Penn, she worked in several labs focused on developmental and educational psychology in India. She gained applied experience as a therapist to adolescents and adults as well. Her research interests include exploring the impact of early childhood adversities on socio-emotional development in various cultural and economic contexts. She aims to develop policy initiatives, interventions, and pedagogy to address these contextual differences.

Peihao Luo

Peihao Luo is a Ph.D. student in Quantitative Methods at the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education. His research focuses on teachers’ well-being, emotions, and beliefs. His methodological interests include structural equation modeling and longitudinal analysis.

Xuaner Niu

Irvine, and is currently pursuing an M.S.Ed. in Statistics, Measurement, Assessment, and Research Technology at the University of Pennsylvania. Her research interests include educational program evaluation, quantitative research methods, and data-driven approaches to improving educational outcomes. She has experience in data analysis and quantitative research through academic projects and professional internships, with skills in R, statistical analysis, and data management. At RIPPLE Lab, she supports research on educational interventions through attendance data cleaning, management, and analysis.

Annie Pei

Annie is pursuing an M.Phil.Ed. in Professional Counseling at the University of Pennsylvania’s Graduate School of Education. Prior to Penn, she graduated from Emory University, where she studied Psychology and Interdisciplinary Studies and conducted research on trauma, aging, and how individuals make meaning of loss. Her research interests center on qualitative coding and analysis, particularly exploring how individuals describe and make meaning of their experiences.

Michael Phiri

Michael Louis Phiri is a Ph.D. student in Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Development at the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education. He holds an Ed.M. in Human Development and Education from Harvard University and a bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of Zambia. His research interests lie at the intersection of child development, early childhood education, social-emotional learning, and educational interventions, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Drawing on his experience in research, education, and mental health practice, Michael seeks to bridge developmental science, policy, and practice to promote equitable developmental and learning opportunities for children.

Gunjan Sharma

Gunjan is pursuing a master’s degree in the Statistics, Measurement, Assessment, and Research Technology (SMART) program at the University of Pennsylvania’s Graduate School of Education. Prior to Penn, she worked as a Research Associate at J-PAL South Asia, where she led education-focused randomized controlled trials across India. Her research interests include early childhood education, education systems in low- and middle-income countries, and policy-relevant measurement.

Tiara Xin

Tiara is a master’s student in the Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Development (ISHD) program at Penn GSE. She holds a BSc in Psychology from Goldsmiths, University of London. Her research interests include how family relationships, parenting practices, and school environments shape children’s social-emotional development across cultural contexts.

What We Do

Active Projects

Medium-term Impacts of the Preschool Safe Spaces program on marginalized girls in northern Nigeria

Across northern Nigeria, children are growing up amid overlapping and sustained crises that shape their ability to learn, remain in school, and develop, including armed conflict, displacement, climatic stress, and a rapidly worsening food insecurity crisis. Girls face additional barriers, with some of the world’s highest rates of child marriage and maternal mortality and lowest rates of female literacy. There is extremely limited evidence on whether early educational opportunities can improve marginalized girls’ development and parental investments in such crisis-contexts. The Preschool Safe Space program was developed by the Centre for Girls Education (CGE) for girls ages 4-6. A research-practice-partnership between CGE and academic researchers was formed to evaluate the impacts of the program implemented in 2022-2023 through a community-randomized trial. Girls (N = 462) and their parents were assessed at three time points (2022-2025). Results are extremely promising, with very large impacts (d=1.0-1.5) on school readiness outcomes (Wolf et al., 2025) and substantial increases in school enrollment two years later. Direct assessments in 2025 show sustained impacts on literacy, numeracy, executive function, and motor skills (d=0.3-0.4), reductions in child-reported food insecurity, and increases in parental self-efficacy and cognitive stimulation. Qualitative interviews with parents imply a substantial shift in attitudes towards their daughters’ futures. Ongoing data collection is planned in 2026 and 2027, including parent surveys, direct child assessments, school records, and additional qualitative interviews. Results are informing how quality, play-based early education can build resilience for girls in crisis contexts through direct educational experiences and changes in caregiving environments. 

Impacts of the Fast-track Program on AREAi

Aid for Rural Education Access Initiative (AREAi) is a non-profit that designs and implements educational technology tools to improve vulnerable children’s learning outcomes. AREAi has developed the FastTrack program to teach functional literacy and numeracy skills to out-of-school children in internally displaced persons (IDP) camps in Nigeria. The program comprises three evidence-based teaching and learning approaches: Mavis Talking Book and Pen (an offline digital pen with audio capabilities), Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL) targeted instruction, and a dual-language literacy acquisition model (mother tongue and English). Funded by the JPAL Learning for All initiative, this research-practice partnership seeks to understand the impact of the FastTrack program on children’s learning outcomes and whether the Mavis Pen, the costliest part of the program, provided an added impact. We assess: 1. What is the impact of the full FastTrack program on displaced children’s basic literacy and numeracy skills? 2. What is the added value of the Mavis Pen? 

Leveraging Early Adolescence for Development

Early adolescence is a key window for human development. Strategic timing of interventions during this life stage may seize opportunities and prevent risks; bolster the impact of earlier investments; and ease damages from previous adversity. Yet evidence on whether such programs can fulfill this potential, for which children, and through which channels, is scant, especially in low-resource settings, where 90% of the world’s 1.2 billion adolescents live. LEAD builds on a cohort of ~2,500 children approaching early adolescence. In 2015, this sample participated in a trial evaluating quality preschool education in Ghana and has been followed up since; the program improved child development through middle childhood. We re-randomize this sample at 12 years to test a parenting skills program to enhance early adolescent development through improved parenting support and parent-adolescent interactions. Children and parents have been interviewed at ages 13, 14, and 15, and a wave is currently planned for age 17 years through mixed-method data collection. Outcomes include adolescent social- emotional and academic skills, health (including stress biomarkers), and adult-life transitions. This data will allow testing dynamic complementarities between interventions during early childhood and early adolescence, or whether interventions in adolescence might compensate for earlier adversity in the short- and longer-term.  

Completed Projects

The Parental Nudges Project (PNP) is a household-level intervention in Ghana designed in partnership with Movva Technologies to improve school-aged children’s learning outcomes in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic and to address gender parity in educational outcomes. Through the program, parents and other primary caregivers receive text messages in simple English with behavioral nudges aiming to improve engagement with their children’s learning and social-emotional development. The goal of the messages is to bring parents closer to their child’s school life by prompting them to engage with their children on topics such as school, future plans and sharing how they overcame similar challenges at their age. Further, some households are randomly assigned to receive messages that promote gender-equitable outcomes in education and broader development. Partnering with Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA) and Movva, our goal is to evaluate the impact of the text-message-based behavioral change intervention on improving parental engagement in educational activities, parental beliefs about returns to education, as well as improvements in children’s learning, enrollment, attendance and gender parity in education. The co-Principal Investigator is Dr. Elisabetta Aurino.

Read more about Unequal and Unintended Consequences of a Messaging Program for Child Education.

This study measures the effects of COVID-19 on children’s educational and developmental outcomes and builds on the Quality Preschool For Ghana (QP4G) study, a school-randomized trial conducted in 2015-1026 when children were in pre-primary school. Children and their families have been followed in an ongoing longitudinal study. The study’s results are providing the government and development partners with unique, real-time data to inform remote-learning and social-protection efforts, as well as the re-opening of schools which started in January 2021. The co-Principal Investigator is Dr. Elisabetta Aurino.

Read more about:
Child development post-COVID-19 school closures in Ghana: The roles of remote learning experiences
Medium-term protective effects of quality early childhood education during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana
Remote learning engagement and learning outcomes during school closures in Ghana

Working with Innovations for Poverty Action and Ghana's Ministry of Education, this project developed and evaluated a teacher in-service and coaching program, with and without parental awareness meetings, to evaluate the effectiveness of these approaches in improving kindergarten quality and children's school readiness in Ghana. We found the teacher-training and coaching model improved classroom quality and children's literacy, numeracy, and social-emotional skills. We have been following the children ever since, are currently planning for our sixth round of data collection when children are in their fourth and fifth grades of primary school. The co-Principal Investigators are Drs. Lawrence Aber, Jere R. Behrman, and Elisabetta Aurino.

Read more about The Impacts of Teacher Training and Parental Engagement on Kindergarten Quality in Ghana.

In Côte d’Ivoire, educational quality and learning outcomes are very low, especially in rural cocoa-growing regions. Both poverty and the lack of quality and relevant education can push children out of school and into family farming. Partnering with the Ivorian government and an international NGO, we are testing a two-pronged approach to improve children’s schooling outcomes, testing individually and in combination two interventions: unconditional cash transfers and educational-quality improvement through Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL) paired with e-coaching. We use a cluster-randomized design to assign villages to (i) cash transfers, (ii) TaRL, (iii) cash transfers and TaRL, and (iv) controls. The co-Principal Investigators are Drs. Samuel Kembou, Kaja Jasinska, and Amy Ogan.

Read more about:
Cash Transfers Improve Economic Conditions and Reduce Maternal Stress in Rural Côte d’Ivoire
Impacts of Targeted Instruction with Mobile-Based Support on Teachers and Students in Rural Côte d’Ivoire

This project uses several datasets to explore how cumulative exposure to different types of early adversity–namely threat and deprivation–are associated with various domains of children's school readiness skills, as well as how children's relationship with their teachers moderates or exacerbates these associations.

Engaging parents in their children’s education via text messages has been shown to be effective at increasing children’s attendance in school and improving grades in Brazil, but it is unclear whether this model could be adapted to poorer countries where teacher absenteeism is high and many parents are illiterate. This randomized evaluation tests two versions of this model, using text and audio messages for parents either with or without messages to teachers in Côte d‘Ivoire. We measured impacts on student learning outcomes, child labor, parental engagement, and teacher professional outcomes.

Read more about Evaluating the Impact of Text and Audio Messages for Parents and Teachers in Côte d’Ivoire.

Household food security, defined as stable access to sufficient and nutritious food, is critical in the early years to meet a child’s developmental needs. In Ghana, we used longitudinal data on preschool-aged children and their households to investigate how household food insecurity was associated with early childhood development outcomes across three years. Children who experienced spells of household food insecurity had lower literacy, numeracy, and short-term memory on average. The co-Principal Investigator is Dr. Elisabetta Aurino.

Read more about Household Food Insecurity and Early Childhood Development in Ghana.

With the support of Innovations for Poverty Action, Sabre Charitable Trust, and Ghana Education Service in Ghana’s Western region, this study sought to evaluate a teacher-training and in-classroom coaching program delivered to student-teachers during their pre-service certification prior to teaching kindergarten. The intensive program was implemented through the student-teaching year, and these individuals were followed as newly-qualified teachers one and two years later. Preliminary results indicate that the program significantly improved student teachers’ implementation and knowledge of the national kindergarten curriculum. However, in the first year of posting as newly qualified teachers, these changes did not translate into improved teaching quality or impacts on child learning outcomes.

Read more about Mentoring and Experiential Learning for Early Education Student Teachers in Ghana.

Media

Children are going hungry, and their futures are on the line. Evidence from Ghana. Elisabetta Aurino and Sharon Wolf. The Conversation. November 11, 2020.
https://theconversation.com/children-are-going-hungry-and-their-futures-are-on-the-line-evidence-from-ghana-148936

Food insecurity and its consequences for children’s development. Elisabetta Aurino and Sharon Wolf. April 20, 2020. Blog on Learning and Development (BOLD).
https://bold.expert/food-insecurity-and-its-consequences-for-childrens-development-covid-19-intensifies-the-problem/

Effects of harsh and violent discipline on child behavioural outcomes. Ghana News Agency. October 9, 2019.
https://newsghana.com.gh/effects-of-harsh-and-violent-discipline-on-child-behavioural-outcomes/

Shaping Ghana’s Preschools: Converging Children’s Skills, Program Impacts, & Family Involvement. Dr. Yaw Amponsah Adoo. February 11, 2019.
https://www.modernghana.com/news/915070/shaping-ghanas-preschools-converging-childrens.html

The perils and promises of listening to parents. Sharon Wolf. June 15, 2018. Blog on Learning and Development (BOLD).
https://bold.expert/the-perils-and-promises-of-listening-to-parents/

Innovative training programme for KG teachers improves child learning – Research General News, Ghana Web. October 14, 2017.
https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Innovative-training-programme-for-KG-teachers-improves-child-learning-Research-590813

Study Looks at Link Between Readiness, Post-Recession Rise in Poverty.  Hinton, M., Education Week.  July 24, 2017.
http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/early_years/2017/07/great_recession_changed_neighborhoods_affected_school_readiness_study_finds.html

Study: With more U.S. children living in high-poverty neighborhoods, schools will see impact. Downey, M., The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. July 17, 2017.
https://www.ajc.com/blog/get-schooled/study-with-more-children-living-high-poverty-neighborhoods-schools-will-see-impact/g69FLj4T6Cn4ZQtpaNnqMN/

More children living in high-poverty neighborhoods following Great Recession. Rice University. July 16, 2017
http://www.pressreleasepoint.com/more-children-living-high-poverty-neighborhoods-following-great-recession

"When 2017 Ghana Education Evidence Summit ends " Amoah, A.K., Ghana Education, Ghana Web. April 4, 2017
https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/When-2017-Ghana-Education-Evidence-Summit-ends-525303

Sharon Wolf brings expertise in early childhood to Penn GSE, Ghana. Penn GSE Newsroom. September 19, 2016
https://www.gse.upenn.edu/news/sharon-wolf-brings-expertise-early-childhood-penn-gse-ghana

Contact Us

Do you have questions about The RIPPLE Lab or would you like to get involved? We are here to help.

Sharon Wolf, Ph.D.

Associate Professor

wolfs@upenn.edu